Analytical Study of Pancreatitis in Dogs- Juniper Publishers
Journal of Dairy & Veterinary Sciences- Juniper Publishers
Abstract
A number of theoretical and practical questions
about canine pancreatitis persuading that anatomical and morphological
changes, also biochemical, are the only diagnostic mode for this disease
that affects the pancreas, major roles in the digestion and secretion
of endocrine hormones . Analysis of literature data on biochemical
parameters during pancreas functions exam; a diagnosis performed on
serum enzyme correlations changes during pancreatitis treatment in
experimental animals determined by statistical analysis of biochemical
parameters of canine pancreatitis. The demonstration of typical clinical
signs of this disease adjusted by the typical methods of diagnosis,
will develop the topical treatment can be established and treatments.
Keywords: Canine
pancreatitis; Diagnostic; Biochemical parameters; Serum; Enzyme;
Statistical analysis; Sedimentation rate; Necrosis; Hemorrhagic;
Epigastric; Palpation; Relapses; Hyper-secretion; ; Bilirubin;
Glucoseurea; CreatinineAbbrevations: ALT: Alanine Amino-Transferase; AST: Aspartate Amino-Transferase; ESR: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Introduction
Severity of pancreas symptoms changes could be benign
(edematous pancreatitis) or severe and even life menacing (pancreatic
necrosis hemorrhagic). A variety of clinical manifestations associated
with metabolic disorders and secretion of toxic enzymes and involved in
process of gastrointestinal tract, liver and reins [1]. This usually
complicates the clinical diagnosis. Acute pancreatitis in canine can
occur following clinical signs: anorexia, vomiting, mild diarrhea, bowel
obstruction, epigastric dolor during palpation, abdominal wall tension,
mild swelling of the abdomen, fever, tachypnea, dehydration,
depression, oliguria, often with presence of white foamy liquid, strong
salivation and bradycardia, hypovolemic circulatory shock, depression
due to hypo-calcemia, Chronic pancreatitis in the canine can manifest
repeatedly, inflammatory or implicit progressive interstitial
pancreatitis [2]. Canines are the most common of recurring, leading to
occasional digestive problems such as vomiting and diarrhea. Dolor
during abdominal wall palpation and other severe symptoms are rare in
intervals between individual attacks (relapses) behave as healthy dogs,
Animals receiving “worshipers” position: Member stretched forward, the
chest resting on the ground and the posterior of the body is raised.
Dolor accompanied by vomiting. Exhaustion rarely occurs due to
parenchyma progressive destruction and its replacement by fibrosis or
cirrhosis of the connective tissue [3].
Chronic pancreatitis is accompanied by dolor,
dyspeptic and cholestatic syndrome, jaundice symptoms, exocrine
pancreatic
insufficiency with progressive weight loss. Other symptoms are observed
in the liver [4], bile ducts, intestines and kidneys [5]. Chronic
pancreatitis characterized by deficiency of following characteristics of
pancreatic cancer: diarrhea, steatorrhea, intestinal bloating,
enterocolitis. Mortality of the animal clearly decreases [6]. During
acute pancreatitis amylase in serum increased by more than 60g/L, Lipase
- to 110-200U/ml. Slight change in enzyme activity in chronic
pancreatitis; increase of serum gamma-globulin, lymphocytes sensitized
by action of auto-antibodies against pancreatic antigens. In the
presence of pancreatic lithiasis that lead to constipation, dolor in the
large intestine due to irritation of the nerve roots implanted in the
placement area of the pancreas. This increases the activity of amylase
in the blood [7]. The screening of pancreatitis in animals is difficult
enough. Among the diagnostic methods: radio diagnosis, ultrasound [8]
and biopsy [9].
Objectives
Determination of clinical and diagnostic value of
enzyme hyper-secretion of canine pancreatitis, Summarize the data
obtained. Build data in a table and hold their statistical processing.
Milk Fat Depression
Seventy dogs with pancreatitis were assigned for our
two-year period search, observed clinical outcome such as, body
temperature, respiratory and cardiac frequency, palpation, percussion,
auscultation of heart and lungs and abdominal cavity,
special research methods are bilirubin, glucose, urea, creatinine;
ALT (alanine amino-transferase), AST (Aspartate aminotransferase)
activity and amylase, alpha-amylase, which increases
3 or more times in acute form; less information is inherent to the
activity of ALT and AST, recommended in the diagnosis of canine
pancreatitis. Alsohemoglobin, ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation
rate),number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, segmented nuclei,
and pulmonary leukocytes, lymphocytes, myelocyte, monocytes,
eosinophils and basophils, in the end we used the ultrasound
examination of abdominal cavity organs.
Results
After summarizing clinical examination data, animals that
were suspected of having a disease with pancreatitis were found
to have common and frequently manifested clinical symptoms.
The clinical signs vary and depend on the severity of pancreatitis.
The mild cases may be asymptomatic. According to the clinical
signs encountered (studies on 70 dogs with pancreatitis):
Anxiety, looking at the epigastric site, hyper salivation, vomiting
with white foam, abdominal pain on the pancreas site; pancreas
during palpation and tension of the abdominal wall, the analgesic
position, sometimes there was an icterous mucous membrane,
The symptoms found are quoted in the following diagram
(Figure 1), show a multitude variation: The first symptoms of
pancreatitis in dogs observed are refusal of food and weakness.
Signs of anxiety and vomiting. This is typical of pancreatitis. In
addition, the symptomatology is as follows: the palpation of the
abdominal wall of the dogs in the region of the pancreas is very
painful, bloating is observed. Diarrhea or constipation. Feces are
very dense or with mucus. There may be intestinal obstruction
or peritonitis has been seen. Since the period of illness, the
animal has vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration is taking place. A
disturbance of cardiac activity and respiration, as hyperthermia.
In severe cases, there is a shock. With the diagnosis of pancreatitis
in dogs, a higher level of lipase and amylase in the blood during
pancreatitis (Figure 1).

It was the most complete, to eliminate the causes of the disease,
removing the main syndromes accompanying pancreatitis, to
alleviate the condition of the animals, standardizing the work
of affected organs and systems, recovery and normalization the
digestion. Thus, a strict diet was prescribed, anti-allergic, antiemetic
drug to eliminate pain. Histopathological result makes an
image with the progressive destruction of the parenchyma and
its replacement by fibrosis or cirrhosis of the connective tissue
(Figure 2).


For all histological features, dogs were categorized as having
no histological evidence of pancreatitis, pancreatic fatty necrosis
and edema were observed, 14 dogs were classified as having no
evidence of pancreatitis. Lipase concentration was within the
reference range in 21 dogs and was below the cut off for the
diagnosis of pancreatitis (400 μg / L) (Figure 3).
Exploration with ultrasound of acute canine pancreatitis;
enlarged pancreas in irregular and hypoechoic shape, with
reduction of maximum width in relation to its length; in contrast
for chronic pancreatitis; the size of the pancreas has decreased
(Figure 4). Pancreatitis diagnosis is challenge, because of
clinical signs associated the condition can be vague and vary
widely between individuals, based on human medicine, acute
pancreatitis can be defined as a completely reversible condition
when the primary cause is removed, while chronic pancreatitis is
characterized by irreversible histopathological changes (atrophy
or fibrosis). Both forms of pancreatitis may be mild or severe
(pancreatic necrosis, involvement of several organs) (Figure 4).

Conclusion
Dogs can suffer from pancreatitis (inflammation of the
pancreas) that can be acute or chronic. The diagnosis of
pancreatitis is difficult; it is based on the confrontation between
the symptoms presented by the animal and the results of various
complementary examinations. The symptoms vary between
acute form and chronic form. The treatments put in place are
also different during acute and chronic pancreatitis.
Limitations
The main limitation of this study is the lack of publication
and work in this area of research, which allows us to not make a
scientific comparison to get more results.
Recommendations
The researchers recommend the continuation of their studies
on a multidisciplinary study on the histology, biochemistry, to
allow having a a significant range in the diagnosis of pancreatitis,
ultrasound also allows the monitoring of the state of the animal,
To conduct educational activities on the dangers of pancreatitis
in animals and provide advice on the prevention of this
pathology, data obtained in the veterinary setting of this work
may be recommended for early diagnosis and improvement of
canine pancreatic diseases.
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